Introduction and objective
Methods
Patients
Sample size
Statistical analysis
Results
Patient characteristics
Parameter | n | Median (IQR) |
---|---|---|
Age | 82 | 64.50 (51.00 – 77.00) |
Sex (M/F) | 43/39 | |
BMI kg/m2 | 75 | 27.13 (23.44 – 30.86) |
Diagnosis, n (%) | ||
Malignity | 12 (14.63) | |
Respiratory | 23 (28.05) | |
Operational | 10 (12.20) | |
Other | 37 (45.12) | |
Comorbidity presence, n (%) | ||
Yes | 58 (70.73) | |
No | 24 (29.27) | |
HT, n (%) | 35 (42.68) | |
DM, n (%) | 18 (21.95) | |
CVD, n (%) | 17 (20.73) | |
Presence of other diseases, n (%) | 27 (32.93) | |
GCS | 82 | 13.00 (3.00 – 15.00) |
SOFA | 82 | 7.00 (2.00 – 12.00) |
APACHE II | 81 | 17.00 (9.00 – 24.00) |
Lactate mmol/L | 82 | 1.80 (1.10 – 3.40) |
Neutrophil × 103/μL | 82 | 10.00 (7.30 – 13.20) |
Monocyte × 103/μL | 82 | 0.50 (0.40 – 0.90) |
Platelet × 103/μL | 82 | 192.50 (127.00 – 244.00) |
Lymphocyte × 103/μL | 82 | 0.90 (0.60 – 1.60) |
PIV × 106/μL | 82 | 1174.17 (489.70 – 2341.73) |
CRP mg/L | 82 | 94.74 (40.2–166) |
PCT µg/L | 82 | 0.72 (0.24 – 5.27) |
Mortality, n (%) | 32 (39.02) |
Clinical and laboratory parameters of the Low- and High-PIV Groups
Parameter | Low PIV (n = 41) | High PIV (n = 41) | p; Test statistic |
---|---|---|---|
Agea | 63.00 (51.00–67.00) | 74.00 (59.00–81.00) | p = 0.010; W = 563.001 |
Sex (M/F) | 20/21 | 23/18 | p = 0.507; \({\chi }^{2}\)=0.442 |
BMIab | 24.42 (22.96–30.81) | 27.34 (24.06–30.86) | p = 0.119; W = 554.501 |
Diagnosis, n (%) | p = 0.392; \({\chi }^{2}\)=2.302 | ||
Malignity | 7 (58.33%) | 5 (41.67%) | |
Respiratory | 10 (43.48%) | 13 (56.52%) | |
Operational | 3 (30.00%) | 7 (70.00%) | |
Other | 21 (56.76%) | 16 (43.24%) | |
Comorbidity, n (%) | p = 0.145; \({\chi }^{2}\)=2.122 | ||
Present | 26 (44.83%) | 32 (55.17%) | |
not present | 15 (62.50%) | 9 (37.50%) | |
HT, n (%) | 10 (28.57%) | 25 (71.43%) | p < 0.001; \({{\varvec{\chi}}}^{2}\)=11.22 |
DM, n (%) | 7 (38.89%) | 11 (61.11%) | p = 0.286; \({\chi }^{2}\)=1.142 |
CV, n (%) | 6 (35.29%) | 11 (64.71%) | p = 0.173; \({\chi }^{2}\)=1.862 |
Other disease, n (%) | 18 (66.67%) | 9 (33.33%) | p = 0.034; \({{\varvec{\chi}}}^{2}\)=4.472 |
GCSa | 14.00 (6.00–15.00) | 8.00 (3.00–15.00) | p = 0.126; W = 998.501 |
SOFAa | 6.00 (1.00–10.00) | 9.00 (2.00–12.00) | p = 0.173; W = 693.501 |
APACHE IIac | 13.00 (7.50–20.50) | 21.00 (14.00–28.00) | p = 0.015; W = 561.501 |
Lactate mmol/La | 1.90 (1.30–3.00) | 1.70 (1.10–3.80) | p = 0.937; W = 831.501 |
CRP mg/La | 94.2 (29.7–143) | 98.00 (48.50–180.00) | p = 0.266; W = 720.001 |
PCT µg/La | 0.65 (0.31–4.34) | 0.89 (0.24–5.80) | p = 0.492; W = 766.001 |
Parametera | Low PIV (n = 41) | High PIV (n = 41) | p; Test statistic |
---|---|---|---|
Neutrophil | 7.80 (5.50–10.10) | 12.40 (8.80–15.60) | p = < 0.001; W = 320.501 |
Monocyte | 0.50 (0.30–0.70) | 0.70 (0.50–1.10) | p = < 0.001; W = 464.001 |
Platelet | 149.00 (84.00–205.00) | 228.00 (178.00–267.00) | p = < 0.001; W = 474.001 |
Lymphocyte | 1 (0.60–1.70) | 0.80 (0.60–1.40) | p = 0.227; W = 971.001 |
PIV × 106/μL | 489.7 (323.85–966.43) | 2341.73 (1678.29–3079.27) | p = < 0.001; W = 0.001 |
Cut-off values of the laboratory parameters
Parameter | Cut-off valuea | Sensitivity | Specifity | AUC (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|
GCS | 9.00 | 81.30% | 78.00% | 0.81 (0.70 – 0.91) |
SOFA | 8.50 | 90.60% | 88.00% | 0.94 (0.89 – 0.99) |
APACHE II | 22.50 | 64.50% | 90.00% | 0.80 (0.69 – 0.91) |
Lactate mmol/L | 2.05 | 78.10% | 74.00% | 0.77 (0.67 – 0.88) |
CRP | 102.29 | 62.50% | 66.00% | 0.64 (0.52 – 0.76) |
PCT µg/L | 0.63 | 81.30% | 58.00% | 0.67 (0.55 – 0.79) |
PIV | 1777.02 | 50.00% | 78.00% | 0.58 (0.44 – 0.72) |
Survival analysis
Survival estimate (95% CI) | N of events (%) | Breslow test p | |
---|---|---|---|
OS (days)a | |||
All patients | 18.00 (8.65 – 27.35) | 32 (39.02) | |
Low-PIV | 28.00 (15.25 – 40.76) | 12 (29.30) | Chi-square = 4.776 |
High-PIV | 16.00 (9.46 – 22.55) | 20 (48.80) | p = 0.029b |
28-day OS probabilityc | |||
All patients | 39.60% (24.10% – 55.00%) | 28 (34.15) | |
Low-PIV | 42.70% (24.70%—73.70%) | 11 (26.83) | |
High-PIV | 37.30% (21.70%—64.30%) | 17 (41.46) |
Covariate (ref.) | Univariate | Multivariatea | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
HR (95% CI) | p | HR (95% CI) | p | |
Age ≥ 65 (< 65) | 1.83 (0.88 – 3.80) | 0.107 | 0.61 (0.24 – 1.56) | 0.298 |
Male (Female) | 1.39 (0.68 – 2.86) | 0.365 | ||
BMI < 30 (≥ 30) | 1.63 (0.69 – 3.84) | 0.265 | ||
Diagnosis (Other) | 0.449 | |||
Malignity | 1.32 (0.41 – 4.31) | 0.642 | ||
Respiratory | 1.92 (0.86 – 4.29) | 0.110 | ||
Operational | 0.01 (0.01 – 520.16) | 0.968 | ||
Comorbidity absence (presence) | 1.38 (0.65 – 2.94) | 0.405 | ||
HT presence (absence) | 0.96 (0.48 – 1.94) | 0.914 | ||
DM presence (absence) | 1.07 (0.46 – 2.52) | 0.873 | ||
CV presence (absence) | 1.01 (0.44 – 2.31) | 0.981 | ||
High PIV (Low PIV) | 2.13 (1.03 – 4.38) | 0.041 | 1.77 (0.73 – 4.26) | 0.204 |
Low GCS (High GCS) | 3.31 (1.34 – 8.15) | 0.009 | 2.18 (0.78 – 6.10) | 0.136 |
High SOFA (Low SOFA) | 9.41 (2.86 – 30.95) | < 0.001 | 4.85 (1.22 – 19.32) | 0.025 |
High APACHE II (Low APACHE II) | 3.08 (1.47 – 6.45) | 0.003 | 0.86 (0.33 – 2.28) | 0.762 |
High Lactate mmol/L (Low Lactate) | 6.56 (2.73 – 15.75) | < 0.001 | 7.97 (2.19 – 29.08) | 0.002 |
High CRP mg/L (Low CRP) | 1.49 (0.72 – 3.08) | 0.278 | ||
High PCT µg/L (Low PRT) | 2.73 (1.11 – 6.69) | 0.029 | 0.41 (0.12 – 1.42) | 0.160 |